HomeDecisionsThe covenant decision

A covenant breaks. The cure period runs.

Do you waive, amend and reprice, take more security — or exit?

Case study Illustrative walkthrough · scenario numbers Lending · Credit Mid-market term lending

01 · The situation

A covenant trips. Twenty-five days before anyone can price the options.

An auto-components borrower with an ₹85 Cr term loan files its half-year numbers. Debt service coverage comes in at 1.05 against a covenant of 1.25. The breach is real, the contract gives you a 30-day cure period, and the order book has actually recovered since the numbers were struck. The facility is F-3106, and the question is on the credit head's desk: waive, amend, secure, or exit — and what does each one cost the bank?

The financial spreads are automated. The early-warning dashboard flagged the borrower weeks ago. Portfolio exposure refreshes nightly. And the covenant breach that started a 30-day cure period has sat undecided for twenty-five of them, because credit, the relationship manager, legal and risk have each worked out a different answer, and none of them is the number the committee can vote on.

FacilityF-3106₹85 Cr term loan · cover 1.15x
BorrowerAuto-componentsOrder book recovered since the numbers were struck
CovenantCoverage 1.05 vs 1.25Debt service coverage, half-year test
Cure period30 daysCloses in 5 days
OwnerCredit headStatus: open · cure period running

02 · Decision points

Four ways forward on F-3106 — each costs the bank something different.

A · WaiveGrant a one-time waiver for the test period and move on. Costs nothing today and keeps a performing account performing, but the waiver goes on record, and forty-odd facilities sit on the same covenant terms.What does it cost the next time one breaches?
B · Amend and repriceReset the covenant and price the risk you're now carrying. The yield goes up and the account stays yours, but documentation takes weeks and the borrower can refinance cheaper elsewhere while you negotiate.Will they still be here at the end of it?
C · Take more securityImprove the cover instead of the pricing. It protects the exposure without touching the relationship's economics, but it needs unencumbered assets, a fresh valuation, and the consortium to consent.Is there anything left to charge?
D · ExitAccelerate, enforce, and recover what the security realises. It ends the exposure, but it crystallises the loss, and the cross-default clause pulls every other lender in the consortium in with you.Is the cure period still open?
In practice

On paper, a clean four-way choice. In practice you can't price it inside the cure period, because the facility agreement, the borrower's spreads, the security register and the consortium position are in four different places, and nobody has put a number on any of them yet.

03 · As-is

How it reaches committee today: 25 days, four people, no agreed number.

Day 0Trigger

Half-year financials are uploaded and spread. Coverage tests at 1.05 against 1.25. The breach is real and the cure period starts running. The decision is now live, but nobody owns the number yet.

Day 1–8Reconcile

The credit analyst rebuilds the coverage ratio to check what drove it. The relationship manager canvasses the borrower and comes back with a recovered order book. Legal reads the facility agreement for the cure period and the cross-default. Risk pulls the sector and group exposure. Four people, four separate answers, no single agreed number.

Day 9–20Drift

The cure period runs down while the analysis is assembled. The borrower keeps drawing on the working capital line, so the uncovered exposure grows. The security valuation on file is fourteen months old, and nobody has modelled what an exit would actually realise.

Day 25Forced

It goes to committee on half-reconciled numbers, days before the cure period closes. The waiver carries, because it is the only option that needs no further work. Not because it was priced against the other three.

~25days of a 30-day cure period spent assembling, not deciding
4separate answers, none of them agreed
Growinguncovered exposure, while the borrower keeps drawing
1option priced, three taken on trust

04 · Assisted

The analysis is built overnight. The committee votes this week.

Same facility, F-3106. The twenty-five days collapse, because the four separate manual jobs become one automatic one.

Day 0It watches

Catches the breach as the numbers land. The same financials are uploaded. The system is already reading the spreads, the covenant schedule in the facility agreement, the security register and the consortium position, so it catches the breach the hour it exists, instead of waiting for a monthly exception report.

Hours laterIt thinks ahead

Gives the decision an owner and a clock. It logs the breach as a live decision, starts the cure period counting, surfaces the cross-default clause and flags every other facility sitting on the same covenant terms, so the call has an owner and a deadline from hour one instead of drifting until the committee calendar comes round.

OvernightIt prepares

Does the four jobs as one. Instead of credit, the relationship manager, legal and risk each working a separate file, it pulls all four together by morning — what drove the ratio, what a reprice would earn, what the security would cover at current market, and what an enforcement would realistically recover — then shows what each of the four options costs the bank on one agreed set of numbers.

Next morningYou decide

One screen, four costed options. The credit head opens one view, sees all four options costed on the same basis, and takes a recommendation to committee inside the first week of the cure period, not the last. The system did the assembly. The credit judgement is still the committee's.

05 · The options, costed

All four on one basis: exposure, time, and what has to hold true.

A · Waive
Exposure₹85 Cr, cover 1.15xunchanged
TimeThis week
Condition41 facilities on the same covenant terms; the waiver is on record for all of them.
B · Amend & reprice Recommended
Exposure+ ₹1.4 Cr yield75 bps over the remaining tenor
Time6–8 weeks
ConditionTwo lenders are quoting this borrower 40 bps below your revised rate.
C · More security
ExposureCover 1.15x → 1.48x₹85 Cr unchanged
Time10–12 weeks
ConditionNeeds unencumbered assets, a fresh valuation and consortium consent.
D · Exit
Exposure~₹61 Cr recoveredof ₹85 Cr outstanding
Time18–30 months
ConditionCure period closes in 5 days, and the cross-default pulls in the consortium.

Illustrative figures · scenario data, not a live system or a real borrower

06 · The playbook

What the options were weighed against.

R1Waive only knowing what it costs the next time one of the 41 facilities on the same covenant terms breaches — the waiver goes on record for all of them.
R2Amend and reprice only if the borrower will still be here at the end of it — documentation takes weeks and they can refinance cheaper while you negotiate.
R3Take more security only where there is something left to charge — unencumbered assets, a fresh valuation, and the consortium's consent.
R4Exit only while the cure period is still open — it crystallises the loss, and the cross-default pulls every other lender in the consortium in with you.

This is judgment your best people already carry. Written into the decision, it works on every breach — not just the ones they happen to see.

07 · The call

Amend & reprice — this week.

Decisome // Recommendation Scenario: facility F-3106 81
01

Reprice at 75 bps: coverage reset to 1.10, stepping back to 1.25 — + ₹1.4 Cr yield.

Revised covenant scheduleEffect on exposure
02

The order book has recovered — but two lenders quote 40 bps below the revised rate.

Recovered order bookCompeting quotes
03

Committee note, amendment letter and covenant schedule drafted overnight.

5 of 5 items readySecurity & consortium position
04

Queued for the credit head and the committee — cure period closes in five days.

Routing & cure deadlineAwaiting you
Challenge any line — it shows its work. Choices weighed: 4 // Rules applied: 4
Recommended —
Amend & reprice

08 · After the call

Take a path and the whole workstream is already staged.

F-3106 · Amendment package · assembled the moment the credit head chose✓ 5 of 5 items ready

Credit committee note

The recommendation, all four options costed on the same basis, and the reasoning, laid out in the committee's own format.

Drafted

Amendment & waiver letter

Drafted against the covenant clause in the facility agreement, dated, referencing the test period that failed.

Drafted

Revised covenant schedule

Coverage reset to 1.10 for two test periods, stepping back to 1.25, priced at 75 bps over the existing margin.

Priced

Security & consortium position

Charges, guarantees and the consortium's own testing dates pulled together. The valuation on file is flagged as fourteen months old.

Compiled
!

Routing & cure deadline

Queued for the credit head to settle and the committee to approve. Cure period closes in five days, flagged.

Awaiting you
Nothing has been sent to the borrower. The whole workstream is staged and waiting on the committee's approval. The committee still approves it and a person still signs and sends.

What happened next

The decision leaves the room.

Day 1

Credit head resets coverage to 1.10 for three test periods, not two — the order book is confirmed through March; repricing unchanged at 75 bps, committee note updated with the order-book support.

Day 1

Credit head adds the promoter guarantee to the amendment and orders a fresh valuation before it goes to committee.

This week

Credit committee approves. The amendment and waiver letter goes to the borrower; F-3106 recommended as amend and reprice.

Next

Saved to the bank knowledge base — what was decided, and why. Learned: coverage breach on a recovered order book; repriced 75 bps, covenant stepped back over three periods.

Illustrative follow-through · scenario data

F-3106 New
Amend

Coverage breach on recovered order book; repriced 75 bps, covenant stepped back over three periods.

F-3088
Waive

One-off breach from a receivables timing shift; cover intact, waived for a single test period.

F-3061
Exit

Third consecutive breach, security eroded, promoter unresponsive; accelerated inside the cure period.

Every breach you close teaches the system. The next one starts from what your bank already knows, not from whoever happens to remember the last one.

09 · As-is vs assisted

Same breach, F-3106 — two very different credit functions.

As-is manual · todayAssisted with Decisome
Time to a recommendation~25 days of a 30-day cure periodBy the next morning
Basis for the callFour rival spreadsheets, no agreed numberOne agreed set of numbers
Options pricedThe waiver, because it needed no workAll four, costed on the same basis
Security positionWhatever valuation is on the fileRevalued at current market before you vote
Cure periodRuns down while the analysis is assembledCounted from the hour the numbers land
Exposure while decidingThe borrower keeps drawing, unnoticedDrawdowns flagged the moment the breach is live
Portfolio viewOne facility at a timeEvery facility on the same covenant terms, surfaced with it
Precedent usedWhoever remembers the last similar breachEvery breach the bank has resolved
Once the committee decidesDocumentation built by hand, laterStaged, routed, ready to execute
Who decidesA committee, late, on partial factsA committee, on time, fully informed

F-3106 is an illustrative example built from how covenant breaches are commonly handled on mid-market term lending, not a client result. The twenty-five days, the four workstreams and the figures on this page describe the shape of the problem.

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